How severe is the condition

This information is vital for two reasons: firstly, to have an initial assessment of the condition against which you can measure improvement; and secondly, to help make a decision on the mode of treatment which best suits the patient.
Prior to the release of Viagra, the medical community was becoming aware of the potential impact that this drug would
have on the world. There was also a concern that doctors would be unprepared when the predicted massive influx of patients with erectile dysfunction occurred. The majority of medical practitioners worldwide have little experience in treating this condition. That is to say, when most doctors were trained, the approach to the treatment of erectile dysfunction was completely different to what is prescribed today. For the 'old school', the options are still psychotherapy, hormone replacement therapy or referral to a specialist such as myself.
Viagra has brought the treatment of erectile dysfunction into the general practice setting. This simple approach now allows millions of men to see their primary care physician rather than waiting to see a specialist. It is therefore necessary to prepare all general practitioners adequately for the inevitable increase in patients requesting this treatment.
In 1997, world leaders in sexual medicine researched and developed a questionnaire that would assist with the diagnosis of a patient with erectile dysfunction. This simple questionnaire was based on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and is called the 'Sexual Health Inventory for Men'. It can be filled out and scored by a patient, allowing the doctor to identify and to assess the severity of the problem.
The shortened version of this International Index contains five questions that focus on erectile dysfunction:
1.         How do you rate your confidence about getting and keeping an erection?
2.         When you had an erection with sexual stimulation, how often was it hard enough for penetration?
3.         During sexual intercourse, how often were you able to maintain your erection after you penetrated (entered) your partner?
4.         During sexual intercourse, how difficult was it to maintain your erection to the completion of intercourse?
5.         When you attempted sexual intercourse, how often was it satisfactory for you?
Each question has a response scale of o to 5, ranging from the most negative (o) to the most positive response (5). If the patient has a score of 21 or less, then he can be considered as having some degree of erectile dysfunction. A score of 20 would indicate only mild problems with erectile functioning. The lower the score, the greater the degree of erectile dysfunction. It is also a useful method in monitoring the effects of treatment. The drawback of this simplified questionnaire is that it does not adequately address patient satisfaction with their erection or the quality of the erection during masturbation or the partner's response.

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EPILEPSY AND PREGNANCY

Women with epilepsy are quite often concerned about getting pregnant. There appear to be five reasons for this concern. They wish to know:
if they are likely to hand their epilepsy on to their children;
whether their fits will get worse during pregnancy;
whether it is safe for the baby that the mother should take anticonvulsants drugs during pregnancy;
if there will be any problems in the newborn baby from these drugs;
if they can safely breast feed the baby.
With regard to handing on epilepsy to one’s children – as mentioned earlier, if one parent has epilepsy, the chances of one of the children having epilepsy are no greater than in the population at large. If both parents have epilepsy, it would appear that the risk of a child having epilepsy is about 10 per cent. So in fact the chance of a child inheriting epilepsy, particularly idiopathic epilepsy, is negligible.
As far as seizures during pregnancy are concerned, the situation is not as clear as it might be. There is evidence that for some women, seizure control may deteriorate, while for others there may in fact be no change or even an improvement. A patient told me recently that “she would like to remain pregnant forever” as she had not had a single fit during her pregnancy, compared with six fits in the preceding nine months!
As a general working rule, it is suggested that people who have more than one grand mal fit a month are those who are most likely to have a deterioration in seizure control during pregnancy. The deterioration, if it occurs, is most likely during the first three months of pregnancy. There are a number of theories why this may happen, but none has been proved. It may be of value to check the blood anticonvulsant levels during pregnancy, especially if there is a deterioration in seizure control. The blood levels may fall, necessitating an increase in dosage during the pregnancy.
The main concern for parents is whether the anticonvulsants can harm the unborn baby (foetus). It is known by most people with epilepsy that this is a potential hazard. The effects include physical abnormalities in the baby, a process known as teratogenesis. Abnormalities have been reported in the offspring of mothers on all the commonly used anticonvulsants with the exception of carbamazepine. This is particularly applicable to phenytoin, barbiturates and sodium valproate. Babies born to mothers who have been on carbamazepine have not been shown to have any physical abnormalities, but have a smaller head size than other babies. This has not been shown to be any handicap to the babies who have been followed up for five years.
The risk of abnormalities in the baby is difficult to assess, but it seems to be most common in mothers on polytherapy (receiving numerous drugs), especially if they are on three or more anticonvulsants. The risk in mothers on phenytoin, with or without other medications, appears to be about a 10% chance of the baby showing features of the ‘foetal hydantoin’ syndrome. This syndrome consists of cleft palate, abnormalities of the fingers, possible heart abnormalities and mild mental retardation. Thus, at present, if it is possible, it would seem wise to try to change patients over to carbamazepine before conception. This may not be possible in all patients and, of course, many women will first visit their doctor when already pregnant, at which time there is no purpose in making the change.
Anticonvulsants taken by the mother during pregnancy may have some effects on the baby immediately after birth, as they are transmitted to the baby across the placenta. These include the possibility of a mild bleeding tendency and some drowsiness. In mothers who have been taking barbiturates, the infant may occasionally show features of a withdrawal reaction with irritability, jitteriness and poor sucking. None of these features is [...]

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ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION SYMPTOMS

Most patients have a combination of two or more of these problems. They are usually first given a thorough medical history and examination to determine the extent of the prob­lem and to hopefully pinpoint a cause. I want to briefly outline the nature of these four symptoms so that your problem will make more sense to you as a patient if you are experiencing any of them.

PRESCRIBED DRUGS

Taking prescribed medications with most vitamins is safe as is taking herbal complexes that are available through health food stores. However, you should always check with your doctor, your pharmacist or your naturopath. They are all trained to know what can go with what.

Weight loss

Overweight is most commonly a result of overeating and lack of exercise. Overweight and fluid retention often go together with people who have glandular problems or under-active thyroids. In such cases an iodine and phosporous deficiency may be the cause.